Comparison of Electric Vehicle Charging: AC vs DC

The development of electric vehicles (EVs) has brought significant changes to the global automotive industry. In addition to contributing to the reduction of carbon emissions, EVs have driven innovations in fast, efficient, and affordable charging technologies. One of the main challenges in EV charging lies in selecting the most suitable method to meet user needs in terms of speed, cost, and accessibility.

In general, there are two primary methods for charging electric vehicles: Alternating Current (AC) and Direct Current (DC). Each has its own characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages.  

AC Charging (Alternating Current)

Alternating Current (AC) is a type of current that periodically changes polarity. It is generated by power plants, such as hydroelectric, gas, and geothermal power plants. In EV charging, AC is commonly used in homes with wall boxes or at public charging stations (SPKLU).

AC power sources have stable voltage and are typically used in household electrical systems. Charging with AC current is usually done using Level 1 and Level 2 chargers, which are most commonly used for home or public charging stations. Below are the advantages and disadvantages of AC charging:

Advantages of AC Charging

• Lower cost: AC infrastructure is simpler and thus more cost-efficient.
• Accessibility: AC charging systems are integrated with existing electrical infrastructure, making them easier to access for household users.
• Safety: AC charging is more commonly used for home needs because it is compatible with domestic power networks, and AC chargers are designed with adequate safety standards to protect against electrical disturbances.

Disadvantages of AC Charging

• Slower charging speed: Charging with AC current takes longer than DC due to limited power received by EVs.
• Conversion time: The conversion from AC to DC within the vehicle takes time, affecting charging efficiency.

Charging with Direct Current (DC)

Direct Current (DC) flows in a single, constant direction. DC chargers feature internal converters that directly convert AC power to DC, allowing power to flow straight into the vehicle’s battery without additional conversion processes. DC is widely used in applications requiring high power, such as fast charging for EVs.

DC charging is common at public charging stations, which are often located in office parking areas, shopping centres, and rest areas along highways.

Advantages of DC Charging 

• Fast charging: DC chargers can charge an EV battery up to 80% in a shorter time compared to AC chargers.
• Efficiency: DC charging is more efficient because power is delivered directly to the battery without requiring additional conversion, resulting in optimal charging performance.
• Strategic locations: DC charging stations are available in key areas like highways and commercial centres, facilitating long-distance travel for EV users.

Disadvantages of DC Charging

• Higher costs: Installing DC charging infrastructure requires higher costs due to the complex converters and systems.
• Limited availability: Despite rapid development, DC infrastructure is still limited, especially in remote or suburban areas.
• Battery overheating: Fast DC charging can increase battery temperature, which may potentially shorten battery lifespan if done repeatedly.

Table of Differences Between AC and DC Charging

To provide a clear picture of the differences between DC charging and AC charging, refer to the comparison table below:

Which is More Suitable: AC or DC Charging?

Both charging types can be used based on specific needs. AC charging is ideal for everyday use at home or in the office, as its lower installation cost and slower charging speed are not a concern when the vehicle is charged overnight or parked for  long periods.

On the other hand, DC charging is ideal  for situations requiring fast charging, such as during long trips or emergencies. DC chargers commonly located at rest areas, commercial centers, or other strategic points  save time and ensure the vehicle is always ready for use.

Challenges of Using AC or DC Charging for Electric Vehicles

In the development of electric vehicles, the charging process still faces several challenges that need to be addressed to ensure broader adoption. Both AC and DC charging come with their respective drawbacks, from charging speed to infrastructure availability. Below are  key challenges and potential solutions for charging electric vehicles with AC and DC power.

 AC Charging Challenges

Slow Charging Speed: AC charging takes a long time, especially for vehicles with large battery capacities.

Solution: Use a Level 2 charger at home to improve charging speed compared to standard outlets.

DC Charging Challenges

High Costs: DC infrastructure requires significant investment for installation and maintenance.

Solution: Develop government subsidy programs or collaborate with private sectors to expand the DC charger network.

Risk of Overheating: Fast charging can increase battery temperatures, potentially reducing battery lifespan.

Solution: Employ advanced thermal management technology to maintain battery temperature during charging.

Both AC and DC charging have their respective advantages and disadvantages, depending on user needs. Supporting the transition to electric vehicles requires advancements in battery technology and charging infrastructure to  enhance efficiency and convenience for users. INVI Indonesia is committed to  accelerating electric vehicle adoption by providing charging stations equipped with fast charging technology. Additionally, an app is available to help users locate nearby charging stations. Embrace a sustainable future by switching to electric vehicles today!